I-LDAR yinkqubo apho i-oyile negesi, iikhemikhali, kunye/okanye izixhobo zepetrochemical zijongwa kwindawo kunye nomthamo wokuvuza okungacetywanga. I-LDAR ifuna imibutho yokuvelisa ukuba iphenduleIiVOCs(Iikhompawundi eziguquguqukayo zezinto eziphilayo) ziphuma emoyeni.
Kutheni ukuvuza kulawulwa?
I-VOCs yinto ebalulekileyo eyandulelayo eyenza i-ozone, i-photochemical smog kunye nongcoliseko lwenkungu. Ezinye ii-VOC ziyityhefu, i-carcinogenic, enokuthi yenzakalisa impilo yabantu.
I-EPA iqikelela ukuba, e-US, malunga neetoni ezingama-70,367 ngonyaka zee-VOC kunye neetoni ezingama-9,357 ngonyaka ze-HAPs (ungcoliseko oluyingozi lomoya) zikhutshwa kwizixhobo ezivuzayo -ngeevalvu, iimpompo, iiflange, kunye nezihlanganisiukuba ngowona mthombo mkhulu wokukhutshwa kwenkunkuma.
Izibonelelo zokuphunyezwa kwe-LDAR
Ukuthatha iPetroleum kunye neenkampani zemichiza njengomzekelo, uninzi lokuvuza ziiVOCs kunye neeHAPs. Ngovavanyo:
>Nciphisa iindleko, uphelise izohlwayo ezinokubakho.
>Igalelo elibonakalayo kukhuseleko lwabasebenzi.
>Ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-VOCs kunye nokukhusela okusingqongileyo.
Yintoni inkqubo ye-LDAR?
Inkqubo yophumezo ye-LDAR inokuxhomekeka kwinkampani okanye ilizwe ngalinye. Nokuba zithini na iimeko, iinkqubo ze-LDAR ziyeizinto ezintlanu okufanayo.
Icandelo ngalinye eliphantsi kweprogram lichongiwe kwaye labelwe i-ID. Indawo yayo ehambelanayo nayo iqinisekisiwe. Njengomsebenzi ogqwesileyo, amacandelo angabailandelwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yebhakhowudiukudibanisa ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi kunye neCMMS.
Iiparamitha ezichaza ukuvuza kufuneka ziqondwe ngokucacileyo ngabasebenzi abafanelekileyo. Iinkcazo kunye nemigangatho kufuneka ibhalwe kakuhle kwaye ichazwe kumaqela onke.
Icandelo ngalinye elichongiweyo kufuneka libekwe esweni rhoqo ngeempawu zokuvuza. Ubuninzi bokukhangela, obukwabizwa ngokuba lixesha lokubeka iliso, kufuneka lubekwe ngokufanelekileyo.
Amalungu avuzayo kufuneka alungiswe phakathi kwexesha elimiselweyo. Umzamo wokuqala wokulungisa wenziwa ngokufanelekileyophakathi kweentsuku ezi-5 emva kokuba kufunyenwe ukuvuza. Ukulibaziseka komsebenzi wokulungisa ngenxa yalo naliphi na ixesha elicwangcisiweyo, ingcaciso ebhaliweyo kufuneka inikwe.
Yonke imisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi eyenziwayo necwangcisiweyo iyarekhodwa. Ukuhlaziya isimo somsebenzi kwi-CMMS kunceda ukugcina umkhondo.
Yeyiphi imithombo eqhelekileyo yokuvuza?
Ukuvuza kwiimpompo ngokuqhelekileyo kufumaneka malunga nesitywina - inxalenye edibanisa impompo kwi-shaft.
Iivalvu zilawula ukudlula kolwelo. Ukuvuza ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwisiqu sevalvu. Oku kunokwenzeka xa into yokutywina, efana ne-o-ring, yonakaliswa okanye ichaphazeleke.
Izixhumi zibhekisela kumalungu phakathi kwemibhobho kunye nezinye izixhobo. Ezi zixhobo ziquka iiflange kunye nokufakwa. Izibophelelo ezifana neebholiti zihlala zidibanisa iindawo kunye. Igasket ingena phakathi kwezixhobo ukuthintela ukuvuza. La malungu ayaphela ekuhambeni kwexesha, nto leyo ekhokelela kumngcipheko ophezulu wokuvuza.
Iicompressors zonyusa uxinzelelo lwamanzi, ngokuqhelekileyo iigesi. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo zifuna uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokuhamba okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-pneumatic. Njengeempompo, ukuvuza okuvela kwiicompressors kudla ngokwenzeka kumatywina.
Izixhobo zokunciphisa uxinzelelo, njengeevalve zokunceda, zizixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokhuseleko ezithintela amanqanaba oxinzelelo ukuba agqithise imida. Ezi zixhobo zifuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ngenxa yobume obunxulumene nokhuseleko lwesicelo sabo.
Imigca evulekileyo, njengoko igama libonisa, libhekiselele kwimibhobho okanye imibhobho evulekele emoyeni. Amacandelo afana nee-caps okanye iiplagi zihlala zinciphisa le migca. Ukuvuza kunokwenzeka kwiitywina, ngakumbi ngexesha lebhloko engafanelekanga kunye neenkqubo zokuphuma kwegazi.
Iindlela zokujonga ukuvuza?
Itekhnoloji ye-LDAR isebenzisa izixhobo zokubona eziphathwayo ukuze zibone ngokomlinganiselo amanqaku okuvuza kwee-VOCs kwizixhobo zokuvelisa zamashishini, kwaye ithatha amanyathelo asebenzayo okuzilungisa ngexesha elithile, ngaloo ndlela kulawula ukuvuza kwezinto kuyo yonke inkqubo.
Iindlela zokuhlola ukuvuza zibandakanyai-catalytic oxidation,iionization yomlilo (FID) , kunye nokufunxwa kwe-infrared.
Ukujongwa rhoqo kwe-LDAR
I-LDAR kufuneka ixelwe rhoqo ngonyaka okanye ngokwesiqingatha sonyaka njengoko kufunwa ngoorhulumente abaninzi kwihlabathi liphela ukunqanda ifuthe eliyingozi lokusingqongileyo lokukhutshwa kweVOC.
Yeyiphi eminye imimiselo kunye nemigangatho ye-LDAR?
Oorhulumente kwihlabathi jikelele baphumeza imimiselo ye-LDAR ukulwa neempembelelo zempilo kunye nokusingqongileyo kokuvuza kwamanzi kunye negesi. Olona sukelo luphambili lwale mimiselo ziiVOCs kunye nee-HAPs ezikhutshwa kwiindawo zokucokisa i-petroleum kunye neendawo zokwenziwa kweekhemikhali.
Ngelixa ingelulo uthotho lwemigaqo ncam, uxwebhu lweNdlela yama-21 lubonelela ngezona ndlela zingcono zokumisela ukuvuza kwe-VOC.
Uxwebhu lwe-40 CFR 60, ngaphakathi kweKhowudi ye-Federal Regulations, isethi ebanzi yemigangatho. Ibandakanya amacandelwana abonelela ngemigangatho yokuthotyelwa kokuvuza kokusebenza kwe-oyile negesi, kunye namashishini okwenziwa kweekhemikhali, phakathi kwezinye.
I-TCEQ ichonga imigangatho yokuthobela ukufumana iimvume, ngakumbi kwiinkampani zeoyile negesi. Ezi mvume, zikwabizwa ngokuba ziimvume zomoya, zithintela ungcoliseko kwaye zinciphise ukukhutshwa kwenkqubo yemizi-mveliso.
1, iSampulu ye-Isokinetic yoMba oNcinci:
Beka ityhubhu yesampulu yothuli kumbhobho osuka kumngxunya wesampulu, ubeke izibuko lesampulu kwindawo yokulinganisa, ujonge kwicala lokuhamba komoya, ukhuphe isixa esithile serhasi yothuli ngokweemfuno zesampulu ye-isokinetic, kwaye ubale ugxininiso lokukhutshwa kunye nokukhutshwa okupheleleyo. yomba othile.
Ngokusekwe kuxinzelelo lwe-static olufunyenwe ziinzwa ezahlukeneyo, umlinganiselo we-microprocessor kunye nenkqubo yokulawula yomsi kunye nomvavanyi womsi, uxinzelelo oluguquguqukayo, lubala umyinge wokuhamba kunye nexabiso lokuhamba komsi ngokusekelwe kwiiparamitha ezifana nobushushu kunye nokufuma. Inkqubo yokulinganisa kunye nokulawula ithelekisa isantya sokuhamba kunye nesantya sokuhamba esifunyenwe yi-sensor yokujikeleza, ibala isignali yokulawula ehambelanayo, kwaye ilungelelanise isantya sokuhamba kwempompo ngokusebenzisa isiphaluka sokulawula ukuqinisekisa ukuba isantya sangempela sokuhamba kwesampulu silingana nokusetyenzwa kwesampulu. izinga. Kwangaxeshanye, i-microprocessor iguqula ngokuzenzekelayo ivolumu yokwenyani yesampulu ibe ngumthamo wesampulu eqhelekileyo.
2, Imigaqo yomlinganiselo wokufuma:
Microprocessor elawulwa umlinganiselo woluvo. Qokelelaibhalbhu emanzi, ibhalbhu eyomileyo ubushushu bomphezulu, uxinzelelo lomphezulu webhalbhu emanzi, kunye noxinzelelo olumileyo lokuphuma kombhobho. Idityaniswe negalelo loxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric, zibone ngokuzenzekelayo i-saturated vapour pressure Pbv kwiqondo lobushushu elisekelwe kwiqondo lobushushu lebhalbhu emanzi, kwaye uyibale ngokwefomula.
3, Umgaqo womlinganiselo weOxygen:
Beka ityhubhu yesampulu kumbhobho, ukhuphe irhasi yeflue equlethe ityhubhu yesampulu O, kwaye uyigqithise kwi-O.2inzwa ye-electrochemical ukubona i-O. Ngexesha elifanayo, guqula i-coefficient yomoya ogqithiseleyo ngokusekelwe kwi-concentration efunyenweyo ye-O concentration α.
4, Umgaqo-siseko wendlela eqhubekayo ye-electrolysis:
Beka iUthuli kunye negesi yokuhlola igesikwi-flue, emva kokususwa kothuli kunye nonyango lokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, kunye nesiphumo sangoku senzwa ye-electrochemical ihambelana ngokuthe ngqo kugxininiso lwe-SO.2 . HAYI. HAYI2 . INTONI. INTONI2 . H2S.
Ngoko ke, ukuxinwa ngokukhawuleza kwegesi ye-flue ingabalwa ngokulinganisa umphumo wangoku kwi-sensor.
Kwangaxeshanye, bala ukukhutshwa kwe-SO2 . HAYI. HAYI2 . INTONI. INTONI2 . H2S esekelwe kukukhutshwa komsi ofunyenweyo kunye nezinye iiparamitha.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuyimfuneko ukulinganisa ukufuma kwi-flue gas ukusuka kwimithombo yongcoliseko esisigxina!
Ngenxa yokuba ukuxinwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo kwigesi yombane kubhekiselele kumxholo wegesi eyomileyo ye-flue kwi-Standard state. Njengomlinganiselo obalulekileyo we-flue gas parameter, umswakama kwi-flue gas yiparameter enyanzelekileyo kwinkqubo yokubeka iliso, kwaye ukuchaneka kwayo kuchaphazela ngqo ukubalwa kokukhutshwa okupheleleyo okanye ukugxininiswa kokungcola.
Iindlela eziphambili zokulinganisa ukufuma: Indlela yebhalbhu emanzi eyomileyo, indlela yokumelana ne-Resistance capacitance, indlela yeGravimetric, indlela ye-Condensation.
1,Indlela yebhalbhu emanzi eyomileyo.
Le ndlela ifanelekile ukulinganisa ukufuma kwimeko yobushushu obuphantsi!
UmGaqo: Yenza ukuba irhasi ihambe ngeethemometha ezomileyo nezimanzi ngesantya esithile. Bala ukufuma kombhobho ngokofundo lwethemometha yebhalbhu eyomileyo nemanzi kunye noxinzelelo lokuphuma kwindawo yokulinganisa.
Ngokulinganisa nokuqokelela ubushushu bomphezulu webhalbhu emanzi kunye nebhalbhu eyomileyo, nangoxinzelelo lomphezulu webhalbhu emanzi kunye nokukhupha uxinzelelo oluzinzileyo kunye nezinye iiparamitha, uxinzelelo olugcweleyo lomphunga kobu bushushu lusuka kubushushu bomphezulu bebhalbhu emanzi, kwaye kudityaniswe nebhalbhu emanzi. igalelo loxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric, umxholo wokufuma wegesi ye-flue ubalwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokwefomula.
Kwinxaki:
Xsw----Ipesenti yomthamo womthamo wokufuma kwirhasi yokuphuma, %
Pbc----- Uxinzelelo lomphunga olugcweleyo xa ubushushu buyi-tb(Ngokwexabiso le-tb, inokufunyanwa kwigeyiji yoxinzelelo lomphunga wamanzi xa umoya uzele), Pa
tb---- Ubushushu beBulbhu emanzi,℃
tc----Ubushushu beBhalbhu eyomileyo,℃
Pb-----Uxinzelelo lwerhasi oludlula kumphezulu wethemometha yebhalbhu emanzi，Pa
Ba-----Uxinzelelo lwe-Atmospheric，Pa
Ps-----Ukukhupha uxinzelelo lwe-static kwindawo yokulinganisa, iPa
I-2, indlela yokumelana ne-Resistance capacitance.
Umlinganiselo wokufuma wenziwa kusetyenziswa iimpawu zokuxhathisa kunye nexabiso le-capacitance lokufuma kwezinto ezinovakalelo eziguqukayo ngokwepateni ethile kunye neenguqu zokufuma kokusingqongileyo.
Indlela ye-RC inokoyisa iimeko ezintsonkothileyo zokusebenza ezifana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokufuma kwi-flue (ngokuqhelekileyo≤180 ℃), ukuphumeza umlinganiselo ozinzileyo kunye nothembekileyo kwindawo yokufuma ekuphumeni kwemithombo yongcoliseko esisigxina, kwaye ubonise ngokuthe ngqo iziphumo zokulinganisa. Le ndlela ineenzuzo ezinkulu, ezifana nomlinganiselo obuthathaka kwaye akukho kuphazamiseka okunqamlezayo kunye nezinye iigesi.
3, indlela yeGravimetric:
Sebenzisa ityhubhu yokufunxa iPhosphorus pentoxide ukufunxa umphunga wamanzi kwisampulu yegesi, sebenzisa ibhalansi echanekileyo ukulinganisa ubunzima bomphunga wamanzi, ngaxeshanye ulinganise umthamo wegesi eyomisiweyo ngetyhubhu yokufunxa, kwaye urekhode ubushushu begumbi kunye noxinzelelo lomoya. ixesha lokulinganisa, uze ubale umlinganiselo wokuxuba ubunzima bomphunga wamanzi kwisampulu yegesi ngokwefomula.
Le ndlela inokufezekisa ukuchaneka okuphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke iindlela zokulinganisa ukufuma. Nangona kunjalo, indlela yeGravimetric inzima ekuvavanyeni, ifuna iimeko zokuvavanya eziphezulu, ithatha ixesha elide lokuvavanya, kwaye ayikwazi ukufumana idatha yokubeka iliso kwisayithi. Ukusebenza kwedatha kumbi, kwaye iqhele ukusetyenziselwa umlinganiso ochanekileyo kunye nomlinganiso wolamlo wokufuma.
4, indlela yokujiya:
Khipha umthamo othile wegesi yokukhupha kwi-flue kwaye uyidlulise kwi-condenser. Bala umthamo wokufuma kwirhasi yokukhupha ngokubhekiselele kubungakanani bamanzi ajikisiweyo kunye nobungakanani bomphunga wamanzi oqulethwe kwirhasi egcweleyo ekhutshwa kwicondenser.
Ngokufana nomgaqo wendlela ye-gravimetric, indlela ye-condensation inokuchaneka okuphezulu, kodwa inkqubo yokuvavanya nayo iyinkimbinkimbi, idinga iimeko eziphezulu, kwaye ithatha ixesha elide, ngoko ayisetyenziswanga ngokuqhelekileyo.
