LDAR ndi njira yomwe zida zamafuta ndi gasi, mankhwala, ndi/kapena petrochemical zimawunikidwa kuti ziwone malo ndi kuchuluka kwa kutayikira kosadziwika. LDAR imafuna kuti mabungwe opanga zinthu aziwerengeraVOCs(Zomwe zimasokonekera) zimatulutsira mumlengalenga.
Chifukwa chiyani kutayikira kumayendetsedwa?
Ma VOC ndi chinthu chofunikira chotsogola chomwe chimayambitsa ozone, utsi wamtundu wa photochemical ndi kuipitsidwa kwa chifunga. Ma VOC ena ndi poizoni, carcinogenic, zomwe zingawononge thanzi la munthu.
EPA ikuyerekeza kuti, ku US, pafupifupi matani 70,367 pachaka a VOCs ndi matani 9,357 pachaka a HAPs (zowononga mpweya wowopsa) amachokera ku kutayikira kwa zida -ndi mavavu, mapampu, flanges, ndi zolumikizirakukhala gwero lalikulu la mpweya wothawa.
Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito LDAR
Kutengera mwachitsanzo makampani a Petroleum ndi mankhwala, kutayikira kochulukira ndi VOCs ndi HAPs. Kupyolera mu kuyesa:
>Chepetsani ndalama, chotsani chindapusa chomwe chingakhalepo.
>Imathandizira kwambiri chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito.
>Chepetsani kutulutsa kwa VOC ndikuteteza chilengedwe.
Kodi ndondomeko ya LDAR ndi yotani?
Kukhazikitsa pulogalamu ya LDAR kumatha kutengera kampani kapena dziko lililonse. Kaya zinthu zili bwanji, mapulogalamu a LDAR ali nawozinthu zisanu zofanana.
Chigawo chilichonse chomwe chili pansi pa pulogalamuyi chimadziwika ndikupatsidwa ID. Malo ake ofanana nawo amatsimikiziridwanso. Monga machitidwe abwino, zigawo zingakhalekutsatiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito barcode systemkuti ziphatikizidwe molondola ndi CMMS.
Zomwe zimatanthauzira kutayikira ziyenera kumveka bwino ndi ogwira nawo ntchito. Tanthauzo ndi zoyambira ziyenera kulembedwa bwino ndikuyankhulidwa m'magulu onse.
Chigawo chilichonse chodziwika chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse ngati pali zizindikiro za kutuluka. Kuchuluka kwa kuwunika, komwe kumatchedwanso kuti nthawi yowunika, kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa moyenerera.
Zomwe zikutuluka ziyenera kukonzedwa mkati mwa nthawi yoikika. Kuyesera koyamba kukonza kumachitidwa bwinomkati mwa masiku 5 pambuyo kudziwika kutayikira. Pakuchedwa kwa ntchito yokonza chifukwa cha nthawi yomwe inakonzedwa, kufotokozera kolembedwa kuyenera kuperekedwa.
Ntchito zonse ndi zochitika zomwe zimachitidwa ndikukonzedwa zimalembedwa. Kusintha mawonekedwe a ntchito pa CMMS kumathandiza kuti muzitsatira.
Kodi magwero ochulukirachulukira ambiri ndi ati?
Kutuluka kwa mapampu nthawi zambiri kumapezeka kuzungulira chisindikizo - gawo lomwe limagwirizanitsa mpope ndi shaft.
Mavavu amawongolera kutuluka kwa madzi. Kutaya kumachitika pa tsinde la valve. Izi zikhoza kuchitika pamene chinthu chosindikizira, monga mphete ya o, chiwonongeka kapena kusokonezeka.
Zolumikizira zimatanthawuza kulumikizana pakati pa mapaipi ndi zida zina. Zigawo izi zikuphatikizapo flanges ndi zotengera. Zomangira monga mabawuti nthawi zambiri zimalumikiza zigawozo. A gasket amapita pakati pa zigawo kuti asatayike. Zigawozi zimatha pakapita nthawi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiopsezo chachikulu chotaya.
Ma compressor amawonjezera mphamvu yamadzimadzi, makamaka mpweya. Zomera zosiyanasiyana zimafunikira kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa kusuntha kapena kugwiritsa ntchito pneumatic. Mofanana ndi mapampu, kutayikira kwa compressor nthawi zambiri kumachitika pazisindikizo.
Zipangizo zothandizira kupanikizika, monga ma valve operekera chithandizo, ndi zida zapadera zotetezera zomwe zimalepheretsa kupanikizika kupitirira malire. Zipangizozi zimafunikira chisamaliro chapadera chifukwa chachitetezo chokhudzana ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito.
Mizere yotseguka, monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, limatchula mapaipi kapena mapaipi omwe ali otseguka kumlengalenga. Zigawo monga zisoti kapena mapulagi nthawi zambiri zimachepetsa mizere iyi. Kutayikira kumatha kuchitika pazisindikizo, makamaka panthawi yotchinga molakwika komanso pakukhetsa magazi.
Njira zowonera kutayikira?
Ukadaulo wa LDAR umagwiritsa ntchito zida zodziwira zonyamula kuti zizindikire mochulukirachulukira ma VOC pazida zopangira mabizinesi, ndikuchitapo kanthu kuti zikonzenso pakapita nthawi, ndikuwongolera kutayikira kwazinthu panthawi yonseyi.
Njira zowunikira kutayikira zikuphatikizacatalytic oxidation,moto ionization (FID) , ndi mayamwidwe a infrared.
Kuwunika pafupipafupi kwa LDAR
LDAR iyenera kufotokozedwa chaka ndi chaka kapena chaka ndi chaka monga momwe maboma ambiri padziko lonse lapansi amafunira kuti athetse kuwononga chilengedwe kwa mpweya wa VOC.
Kodi malamulo ndi miyezo ya LDAR ndi iti?
Maboma padziko lonse lapansi akugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a LDAR pofuna kuthana ndi vuto la thanzi komanso chilengedwe chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa madzi ndi mpweya. Zolinga zazikulu za malamulowa ndi ma VOC ndi HAPs opangidwa kuchokera kumalo oyeretsera mafuta ndi malo opangira mankhwala.
Ngakhale si mndandanda wa malamulo, chikalata cha Method 21 chimapereka njira zabwino zodziwira kutayikira kwa VOC.
Chikalata 40 CFR 60, mkati mwa Code of Federal Regulations, ndi miyeso yokwanira. Zimaphatikizapo magawo omwe amapereka miyezo yotsatiridwa ndi kutayikira kwamafuta ndi gasi, ndi mafakitale opanga mankhwala, pakati pa ena.
TCEQ imatchula miyezo yotsatiridwa kuti mupeze zilolezo, makamaka makampani amafuta ndi gasi. Zilolezozi, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti zilolezo za mpweya, zimaletsa kuipitsa komanso kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wamakampani.
1, Isokinetic Sampling ya Particulate Matter:
Ikani fumbi lachitsanzo cha chubu mu chitoliro kuchokera ku dzenje lachitsanzo, ikani doko lachitsanzo pamalo oyezera, kuyang'anizana ndi momwe mpweya umayendera, kuchotsani mpweya wina wa fumbi malinga ndi zofunikira za sampuli za isokinetic, ndikuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi kutulutsa kwathunthu. wa zinthu zinazake.
Kutengera kuthamanga kwa static komwe kumadziwika ndi masensa osiyanasiyana, kuyeza ndi kuwongolera kwa microprocessor tester ya utsi ndi utsi, kuthamanga kwamphamvu, kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa utsi ndi kuchuluka kwa utsi kutengera magawo monga kutentha ndi chinyezi. Dongosolo loyezera ndi kuwongolera limafananiza kuchuluka kwa kuthamanga ndi kuthamanga komwe kumadziwika ndi sensa yotuluka, kuwerengera chizindikiro chowongolera, ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa pampu kudzera pagawo lowongolera kuti zitsimikizire kuti sampuli yeniyeni yotuluka ndi yofanana ndi mayendedwe oyambira. mlingo. Nthawi yomweyo, microprocessor imangotembenuza voliyumu yeniyeni yachitsanzo kukhala voliyumu yoyeserera.
2, Mfundo za muyeso wa chinyezi:
Microprocessor controlled sensor muyeso. Sunganichonyowa babu, youma babu kutentha pamwamba, kunyowa babu pamwamba kuthamanga, ndi static kuthamanga kwa flue utsi. Kuphatikizidwa ndi kukakamiza kwa mumlengalenga, zindikirani kupanikizika kwa nthunzi kwa Pbv pa kutentha kutengera kutentha kwa babu, ndikuwerengera molingana ndi chilinganizo.
3, Mfundo ya muyeso wa oxygen:
Ikani chitsanzo chubu mu chitoliro, chotsani mpweya wa flue womwe uli ndi chubu O, ndikudutsa mu O.2Electrochemical sensor kuti izindikire O. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, sinthani mpweya wochuluka wa coefficient potengera zomwe zadziwika kuti O ndende α.
4, Mfundo ya nthawi zonse njira electrolysis:
Ikani theFumbi ndi choyezera gasimu chitoliro, pambuyo kuchotsa fumbi ndi madzi m`thupi mankhwala, ndi linanena bungwe panopa cha kachipangizo electrochemical ndi mwachindunji mogwirizana ndi ndende ya SO.2 . AYI. AYI2 . CHANI. CHANI2 . H2S.
Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa gasi wa flue nthawi yomweyo kumatha kuwerengedwa poyesa zomwe zikuchitika pano kuchokera ku sensa.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, kuwerengera mpweya wa SO2 . AYI. AYI2 . CHANI. CHANI2 . H2S kutengera utsi womwe wapezeka ndi magawo ena.
Nthawi zambiri, ndikofunikira kuyeza chinyezi mu gasi wa flue kuchokera kumagwero oyipitsidwa osakhazikika!
Chifukwa kuchuluka kwa zoipitsa mu gasi wa flue kumatanthawuza zomwe zili mu gasi wowuma mu State State. Monga gawo lofunikira la mpweya wa flue, chinyezi mu mpweya wa flue ndi gawo lofunikira pakuwunika, ndipo kulondola kwake kumakhudzanso kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya kapena kuchuluka koyipa.
Njira zazikulu zoyezera chinyezi: Njira ya babu yonyowa yowuma, Njira ya Resistance capacitance, njira ya Gravimetric, njira ya Condensation.
1,Njira yowuma ya babu yonyowa.
Njirayi ndi yoyenera kuyeza chinyezi m'malo otsika kutentha!
Mfundo Yofunika Kuidziwa: Pangani mpweya kuti uzidutsa muzoyezera zowuma ndi zonyowa pa liwiro linalake. Werengani chinyezi cha utsi molingana ndi kuwerengera kwa ma thermometers owuma ndi onyowa komanso kuthamanga kwa utsi pamalo oyezera.
Poyesa ndi kusonkhanitsa kutentha kwapamtunda kwa babu wonyowa ndi babu wouma, komanso kupyola mu mphamvu ya babu yonyowa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi zina, kuthamanga kwa nthunzi pa kutentha kumeneku kumachokera ku kutentha kwapamwamba kwa babu yonyowa, ndikuphatikizidwa ndi The athandizira mumlengalenga kuthamanga, chinyezi zili mpweya chitoliro basi masamu molingana ndi chilinganizo.
Mu equation:
Xsw----Volume peresenti ya chinyezi mu gasi wopopera,%
Pbc----- Kuthamanga kwa nthunzi kokwanira pamene kutentha kuli tb(Malinga ndi mtengo wa tb, angapezeke kugeji yoyezera kuthamanga kwa nthunzi wamadzi pamene mpweya wadzaza)，Pa
tb---- Kutentha kwa Babu Yonyowa, ℃
tc----Kutentha kwa Babu Youma, ℃
Pb-----Kuthamanga kwa gasi kumadutsa pamwamba pa thermometer yonyowa, Pa
Ba-----Atmospheric Pressure, Pa
Ps-----Exhaust static pressure poyezera, Pa
2, Resistance capacitance njira.
Chinyezi muyeso ikuchitika ntchito makhalidwe kukana ndi capacitance mfundo za chinyezi tcheru zigawo kusintha malinga ndi chitsanzo ndi kusintha kwa chinyezi chilengedwe.
Njira ya RC imatha kuthana ndi zovuta zogwirira ntchito monga kutentha kwambiri ndi chinyezi mu chitoliro (nthawi zambiri≤180 ℃), kupeza zokhazikika komanso zodalirika pamalowo kuyeza chinyezi pakutha kwa magwero oipitsa osakhazikika, ndikuwonetsa mwachindunji zotsatira zake. Njirayi ili ndi ubwino waukulu, monga kuyeza tcheru komanso kusagwirizana ndi mpweya wina.
3, njira ya Gravimetric:
Gwiritsani ntchito phosphorus pentoxide mayamwidwe chubu kuyamwa madzi nthunzi mu chitsanzo mpweya, ntchito mwatsatanetsatane bwino kuyeza unyinji wa nthunzi madzi, nthawi yomweyo kuyeza buku la mpweya zouma kudzera mayamwidwe chubu, ndi kulemba m'chipinda kutentha ndi kuthamanga mumlengalenga pa. nthawi yoyezera, ndiye muwerengere kuchuluka kwa kusakaniza kwa nthunzi yamadzi mu chitsanzo cha gasi molingana ndi chilinganizo.
Njirayi imatha kukhala yolondola kwambiri pakati pa njira zonse zoyezera chinyezi. Komabe, njira ya Gravimetric ndi yovuta pakuyesa, imafuna mikhalidwe yoyezetsa kwambiri, imatenga nthawi yayitali yoyesera, ndipo siyitha kupeza deta yowunikira pamalopo. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa datayo ndi koyipa, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera molondola komanso poyezera chinyezi.
4, njira ya condensation:
Tulutsani mpweya wina wotulutsa mpweya kuchokera mu chitoliro ndikudutsa mu condenser. Werengani kuchuluka kwa chinyezi mu gasi wotuluka potengera kuchuluka kwa madzi opindika komanso kuchuluka kwa nthunzi wamadzi womwe uli mu gasi wothira wotuluka mu condenser.
Mofanana ndi mfundo ya njira ya gravimetric, njira ya condensation imakhala yolondola kwambiri, koma njira yoyesera imakhalanso yovuta, imafuna mikhalidwe yapamwamba, ndipo imatenga nthawi yaitali, choncho sichigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri.
