LDAR shine tsarin da ake sa ido akan mai da iskar gas, sinadarai, da/ko kayan aikin petrochemical don wuri da ƙarar ɗigon da ba a yi niyya ba. LDAR yana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin masana'antu don yin lissafiVOCs(Magungunan kwayoyin halitta masu canzawa) suna fitarwa cikin yanayi.
Me ya sa ake kayyade leaks?
VOCs wani abu ne mai mahimmanci wanda ke haifar da ozone, hayaki na photochemical da gurɓataccen haze. Wasu VOCs masu guba ne, ciwon daji, wanda zai iya cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam.
EPA ta kiyasta cewa, a cikin Amurka, kusan tan 70,367 a kowace shekara na VOCs da tan 9,357 a kowace shekara na HAPs (masu gurɓata iska mai haɗari) ana fitarwa daga leken kayan aiki -tare da bawuloli, famfo, flanges, da hašikasancewar mafi girma tushen fitar da hayaki.
Amfanin aiwatar da LDAR
Ɗaukar kamfanonin mai da sinadarai a matsayin misali, mafi yawan leaks sune VOCs da HAPs. Ta hanyar gwaji:
>Rage farashi, kawar da yuwuwar tara tara.
>Ba da gudummawa sosai ga amincin ma'aikaci.
>Rage hayakin VOCs da kare muhalli.
Menene tsarin LDAR?
Shirin aiwatar da LDAR na iya bambanta dangane da kowane kamfani ko ƙasa. Ko menene yanayin, shirye-shiryen LDAR suna daabubuwa biyar na kowa.
An gano kowane bangare a ƙarƙashin shirin kuma an sanya ID. Hakanan an tabbatar da daidai wurin wurinsa na zahiri. A matsayin mafi kyawun aiki, abubuwan haɗin zasu iya zamaana bin sawu ta hanyar amfani da tsarin barcodedon a haɗa su daidai da CMMS.
Ya kamata ma'aikatan da suka dace su fahimce sigogin da ke ayyana zubewar a fili. Ma'anoni da ƙofofin dole ne a rubuta su da kyau kuma a sanar da su a cikin ƙungiyoyin.
Kowane abu da aka gano ya kamata a kula da shi akai-akai don alamun zubewa. Yawan dubawa, wanda kuma ake kira tazarar sa ido, yakamata a saita shi daidai.
Ya kamata a gyara abubuwan da ke zubewa cikin ƙayyadadden lokaci. Ƙoƙarin gyara na farko yana da kyaucikin kwanaki 5 bayan an gano yabo. Don jinkirin aikin gyare-gyare saboda kowane lokacin da aka tsara, ya kamata a ba da bayanin da aka rubuta.
Ana yin rikodin duk ayyuka da ayyukan da aka yi da tsarawa. Ana ɗaukaka matsayin aiki akan CMMS yana taimakawa wajen kiyayewa.
Wadanne hanyoyin yabo ne gama gari?
Ana samun leaks daga famfo yawanci a kusa da hatimi - ɓangaren da ke haɗa famfo zuwa sanda.
Valves suna sarrafa hanyar ruwa. Leaks yawanci suna faruwa a gindin bawul. Wannan na iya faruwa lokacin da abin rufewa, kamar o-ring, ya lalace ko ya lalace.
Masu haɗawa suna nufin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin bututu da sauran kayan aiki. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da flanges da kayan aiki. Fasteners kamar bolts yawanci suna haɗa sassan tare. Gasket yana shiga tsakanin abubuwan da aka gyara don gujewa yadudduka. Wadannan abubuwan sun lalace bayan lokaci, wanda hakan ke haifar da haɗarin zub da jini.
Compressors suna ƙara matsa lamba na ruwa, yawanci gas. Hanyoyi daban-daban na shuka suna buƙatar matsa lamba don motsi ko aikace-aikacen pneumatic. Kamar yadda yake tare da famfo, yoyo daga compressors yawanci yana faruwa a hatimi.
Na'urorin taimako na matsin lamba, kamar bawul ɗin taimako, kayan aikin aminci ne na musamman waɗanda ke hana matakan matsa lamba wuce iyaka. Waɗannan na'urori suna buƙatar kulawa ta musamman saboda yanayin da ke da alaƙa da aminci na aikace-aikacen su.
Layukan da aka buɗe, kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, suna komawa zuwa bututu ko bututun da ke buɗe sararin samaniya. Abubuwan da aka haɗa kamar su iyakoki ko filogi yawanci suna iyakance waɗannan layukan. Leaks na iya faruwa a hatimi, musamman a lokacin toshewar da ba daidai ba da hanyoyin zubar jini.
Hanyoyi don sa ido kan yadudduka?
Fasahar LDAR tana amfani da na'urorin ganowa šaukuwa don gano ƙididdiga na VOCs a cikin kayan aikin samar da masana'antu, kuma suna ɗaukar ingantattun matakai don gyara su a cikin wani ɗan lokaci, ta haka ne ke sarrafa ɗigon kayan cikin gabaɗayan aikin.
Hanyoyin da za a bi don sa ido kan ɗigogi sun haɗa dacatalytic oxidation,harshen wuta ionization (FID) , da kuma sha na infrared.
LDAR saka idanu mita
Dole ne a bayar da rahoton LDAR akan shekara-shekara ko na shekara-shekara kamar yadda gwamnatoci da yawa ke buƙata a duniya don kawar da illar muhalli na hayaƙin VOC.
Menene wasu ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi na LDAR?
Gwamnatoci a duniya suna aiwatar da ka'idojin LDAR don yaƙar lafiya da tasirin muhalli na kwararar ruwa da iskar gas. Maƙasudin farko na waɗannan ƙa'idodin sune VOCs da HAPs waɗanda aka fitar daga matatun mai da wuraren kera sinadarai.
Duk da yake ba daidaitattun ƙa'idodi bane, takaddar Hanyar 21 tana ba da mafi kyawun ayyuka akan yadda ake tantance leaks na VOC.
Daftarin aiki 40 CFR 60, a cikin Kundin Dokokin Tarayya, cikakken tsari ne na ƙa'idodi. Ya haɗa da sassan ƙasa waɗanda ke ba da ƙa'idodin bin ƙa'idodin aikin mai don mai da iskar gas, da masana'antun kemikal, da sauransu.
TCEQ tana gano ƙa'idodin yarda don samun izini, musamman ga kamfanonin mai da iskar gas. Waɗannan izini, waɗanda kuma aka sani da izinin iska, suna hana gurɓatawa da rage fitar da tsarin masana'antu.
1, Samfurin Isokinetic na Musamman Matter:
Sanya bututun samfurin ƙura a cikin bututun hayaƙi daga ramin samfurin, sanya tashar jirgin ruwa a wurin aunawa, fuskantar alkiblar iska, fitar da wani adadin iskar gas ɗin ƙura bisa ga buƙatun samfurin isokinetic, da ƙididdige ƙaddamarwar fitarwa da jimillar fitarwa. na particulate kwayoyin halitta.
Dangane da matsatsin matsa lamba da na'urori masu auna firikwensin daban-daban suka gano, ma'aunin microprocessor da tsarin sarrafa hayaki da gwajin hayaki, matsa lamba mai ƙarfi, ƙididdige ƙimar kwarara da ƙimar hayaƙi dangane da sigogi kamar zazzabi da zafi. Tsarin ma'auni da tsarin sarrafawa yana kwatanta ma'auni tare da ƙimar kwararar da aka gano ta hanyar firikwensin kwarara, yana ƙididdige siginar sarrafawa daidai, kuma yana daidaita ma'aunin famfo ta hanyar da'irar sarrafawa don tabbatar da cewa ainihin ƙimar samfurin daidai yake daidai da saita samfurin. ƙimar. A lokaci guda, microprocessor ta atomatik tana jujjuya ainihin ƙimar samfurin zuwa daidaitaccen ƙarar samfur.
2, Ka'idojin auna zafi:
Ma'aunin firikwensin sarrafa microprocessor. Tattararigar kwan fitila, bushe kwan fitila zafin jiki na saman, matsin kwan fitila, da matsatsin matsa lamba na sharar hayaki. Haɗe tare da shigar da matsa lamba na yanayi, gano cikakken matsa lamba Pbv ta atomatik a yanayin zafi dangane da jigon kwan fitila, kuma ƙididdige shi bisa ga dabara.
3, Ka'idar auna Oxygen:
Sanya bututun samfurin a cikin hayaƙin, cire iskar hayaƙi mai ɗauke da bututun samfurin O, sannan a wuce ta cikin O.2firikwensin electrochemical don gano O. A lokaci guda, canza madaidaicin wuce haddi na iska dangane da gano taro O maida hankali α.
4, Ka'idar akai m electrolysis hanya:
Saka daMai gwada ƙura da hayaƙia cikin hayaƙin hayaƙin, bayan cire ƙura da jiyya na bushewa, kuma abin da ake fitarwa na firikwensin electrochemical ya yi daidai da adadin SO.2 . A'A. A'A2 . MENENE. MENENE2 . H2S.
Don haka, ana iya ƙididdige yawan adadin iskar hayaƙi nan take ta hanyar auna abin da ake fitarwa na yanzu daga firikwensin.
A lokaci guda kuma, ƙididdige hayaƙin SO2 . A'A. A'A2 . MENENE. MENENE2 . H2S dangane da fitar da hayaki da aka gano da sauran sigogi.
Gabaɗaya, ya zama dole don auna zafi a cikin iskar hayaƙi daga ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun gurɓataccen yanayi!
Domin yawan gurɓataccen iska a cikin iskar hayaƙi yana nufin abun cikin busasshen busasshen busasshen busasshen busar ƙanƙara a jihar Standard. A matsayin muhimmin ma'aunin iskar hayaƙin hayaƙin hayaƙin hayaƙi, damshin iskar hayaƙi shine ma'auni na tilas a cikin tsarin sa ido, kuma daidaitonsa kai tsaye yana rinjayar lissafin jimillar hayaki ko gurɓataccen ruwa.
Babban hanyoyin da za a auna danshi: Hanyar bushewar rigar kwan fitila, Hanyar ƙarfin ƙarfin juriya, Hanyar Gravimetric, Hanyar tashewa.
1,Hanyar bushewar rigar kwan fitila.
Wannan hanya ta dace don auna danshi a cikin yanayin ƙananan zafin jiki!
Ƙa'ida: Sanya iskar gas ta gudana ta busasshen ma'aunin zafi da sanyio a wani ƙayyadadden gudu. Yi ƙididdige danshin shaye-shaye bisa ga karatun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun ma'aunin zafi da sanyio da matsa lamba a wurin aunawa.
Ta hanyar aunawa da tattara yanayin zafin jiki na rigar kwan fitila da busassun kwan fitila, da kuma ta hanyar matsi na rigar kwan fitila da shaye a tsaye matsa lamba da sauran sigogi, da cikakken tururi matsa lamba a wannan zafin jiki samu daga surface zafin jiki na rigar kwan fitila, da kuma hade tare da. shigar da matsa lamba na yanayi, abun ciki na danshi na iskar hayaki ana ƙididdige shi ta atomatik bisa ga dabara.
A cikin lissafin:
Xsw---- Yawan adadin danshi a cikin iskar gas, %
Pbc-- Cikakken matsa lamba lokacin da zafin jiki ya kasance tb(Bisa ga darajar tb, ana iya samun shi daga ma'aunin tururin ruwa lokacin da iska ta cika) ， Pa
tb---- Wet Bulb zafin jiki, ℃
tc---- Busasshen Zazzabi, ℃
Pb------Matsin iskar gas da ke wucewa ta saman ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, Pa
Ba --Matsi na yanayi, Pa
Ps ---Matsi mai tsauri a wurin aunawa, Pa
2, Hanyar karfin juriya.
Ana yin ma'aunin ɗanshi ta amfani da halayen juriya da ƙimar ƙarfin abubuwan abubuwan da ke da zafi suna canzawa bisa ga wani tsari tare da canje-canje a yanayin zafi.
Hanyar RC na iya shawo kan hadaddun yanayin aiki kamar zazzabi mai zafi da zafi a cikin hayaki (yawanci ≤180 ℃), cimma kwanciyar hankali kuma abin dogaro akan wurin ma'aunin danshi a cikin sharar ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin gurɓatawa, da kuma nuna sakamakon auna kai tsaye. Wannan hanya tana da fa'idodi masu girma, kamar ma'auni mai mahimmanci kuma babu tsangwama tare da wasu iskar gas.
3, Hanyar Gravimetric:
Yi amfani da bututun shayarwar Phosphorus pentoxide don ɗaukar tururin ruwa a cikin samfurin iskar gas, yi amfani da ma'auni daidai don auna yawan tururin ruwa, a lokaci guda auna ƙarar iskar gas da aka bushe ta cikin bututun sha, sannan rikodin zafin dakin da matsa lamba na yanayi a lokaci guda. lokacin ma'auni, sannan lissafta ma'auni na haɗuwa da yawa na tururin ruwa a cikin samfurin gas bisa ga dabara.
Wannan hanya za ta iya cimma daidaito mai girma a tsakanin duk hanyoyin auna zafi. Koyaya, Hanyar Gravimetric tana da rikitarwa a cikin gwaji, tana buƙatar yanayin gwaji mai girma, yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo na gwaji, kuma ba zai iya samun bayanan sa ido akan rukunin yanar gizo ba. Tasirin bayanan ba shi da kyau, kuma yawanci ana amfani da shi don auna daidai da daidaita daidaiton zafi.
4,Hanyar shanyewa:
Ciro wani ƙayyadaddun ƙarar iskar gas daga hayaƙin kuma a wuce ta cikin na'urar. Yi ƙididdige yawan danshin da ke cikin iskar iskar gas dangane da adadin ruwan da aka taru da adadin tururin ruwa da ke cikin cikakken iskar gas ɗin da aka fitar daga na'urar.
Hakazalika da ka'idar hanyar gravimetric, hanyar kwantar da hankali yana da daidaitattun daidaito, amma tsarin gwajin kuma yana da rikitarwa, yana buƙatar yanayi mai yawa, kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo, don haka ba a saba amfani da shi ba.
