I-LDAR inqubo lapho uwoyela negesi, amakhemikhali, kanye/noma okokusebenza kwe-petrochemical kuqashelwa indawo kanye nevolumu yokuvuza okungahlosiwe. I-LDAR idinga ukuthi izinhlangano ezikhiqizayo ziphenduleAma-VOC(Izingxube zezinto eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo) ziphumela emkhathini.
Kungani ukuvuza kulawulwa?
Ama-VOC ayisandulela esibalulekile esidala i-ozone, intuthu ye-photochemical kanye nokungcoliswa kwenkungu. Amanye ama-VOC anobuthi, anomdlavuza, angalimaza impilo yabantu.
I-EPA ilinganisela ukuthi, e-US, cishe amathani angama-70,367 ngonyaka wama-VOC kanye namathani angama-9,357 ngonyaka wama-HAP (ukungcola komoya okuyingozi) aphuma ekuvuzeni kwemishini -nama-valve, amaphampu, ama-flange, nezixhumiekubeni umthombo omkhulu kakhulu wokukhishwa kwesisi esiphunyukayo.
Izinzuzo zokusetshenziswa kwe-LDAR
Uma sithatha njengesibonelo izinkampani zikaPetroleum namakhemikhali, ukuvuza okuningi ngama-VOC nama-HAP. Ngokuhlola:
>Yehlisa izindleko, susa izinhlawulo ezingase zibe khona.
>Faka isandla kakhulu ekuphepheni kwabasebenzi.
>Yehlisa ukukhishwa kwe-VOC futhi uvikele imvelo.
Ithini inqubo ye-LDAR?
Uhlelo lokusebenzisa i-LDAR lungahluka kuye ngenkampani ngayinye noma izwe. Noma ngabe izimo zinjani, izinhlelo ze-LDAR zineizakhi ezinhlanu okufanayo.
Ingxenye ngayinye ngaphansi kohlelo iyakhonjwa futhi inikezwe umazisi. Indawo yayo ebonakalayo nayo iqinisekisiwe. Njengomkhuba omuhle kakhulu, izingxenye zingabazilandelelwa kusetshenziswa isistimu yebhakhodiukuze ihlanganiswe ngokunembe kakhudlwana ne-CMMS.
Imingcele echaza ukuvuza kufanele iqondwe ngokucacile ngabasebenzi abafanelekile. Izincazelo kanye nemingcele kufanele kubhalwe kahle futhi kuxhunywe kuwo wonke amaqembu.
Ingxenye ngayinye ehlonziwe kufanele igadwe njalo ukuze kubonakale izimpawu zokuvuza. Imvamisa yokuhlola, ebizwa nangokuthi isikhawu sokuqapha, kufanele isethwe ngokufanele.
Izingxenye ezivuzayo kufanele zilungiswe phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe. Umzamo wokuqala wokulungisa wenziwa kahlezingakapheli izinsuku ezi-5 ngemva kokutholwa kokuvuza. Ngomsebenzi wokulungisa ukubambezeleka ngenxa yanoma yisiphi isikhathi sokuphumula esihleliwe, incazelo ebhaliwe kufanele inikezwe.
Yonke imisebenzi nemisebenzi eyenziwayo nehleliwe iyarekhodwa. Ukubuyekeza isimo somsebenzi ku-CMMS kusiza ukulandelela.
Yimiphi imithombo evamile yokuvuza?
Ukuvuza okuvela kumaphampu kuvame ukutholakala eduze kwesivalo - ingxenye exhuma iphampu ku-shaft.
Amavalvu alawula ukudlula koketshezi. Ukuvuza ngokuvamile kwenzeka esiqwini se-valve. Lokhu kungenzeka uma isici sokuvala, njenge-o-ring, sonakala noma sonakaliswe.
Izixhumi zibhekisela ekuhlanganiseni phakathi kwamapayipi nezinye izinto zokusebenza. Lezi zingxenye zihlanganisa ama-flanges nokufakwa. Izibophelelo ezifana namabhawudi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izingxenye ndawonye. I-gasket ingena phakathi kwezingxenye ukugwema ukuvuza. Lezi zingxenye ziyaguga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuholela engcupheni enkulu yokuvuza.
Ama-compressor anyusa umfutho woketshezi, ngokuvamile amagesi. Izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo zidinga izingcindezi eziphezulu zokunyakaza noma ukusetshenziswa kwe-pneumatic. Njengamaphampu, ukuvuza okuvela kuma-compressor kuvame ukwenzeka ezimpawu.
Imishini yokukhulula ingcindezi, njengama-valve okusiza, ayimishini ekhethekile yokuphepha evimbela amazinga okucindezela ukuba adlule imingcele. Lawa madivaysi adinga ukunakwa okukhethekile ngenxa yemvelo ehlobene nokuphepha yohlelo lwawo.
Imigqa evulekile, njengoba negama liphakamisa, ibhekisela kumapayipi noma amapayipi avuleleke emkhathini. Izingxenye ezinjengamakepisi noma amapulaki ngokuvamile zikhawulela le migqa. Ukuvuza kungenzeka kuma-seal, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuvinjwa okungafanele kanye nezinqubo zokopha.
Izindlela zokuqapha ukuvuza?
Ubuchwepheshe be-LDAR busebenzisa amathuluzi okuthola ephathekayo ukuze kutholwe inani lamaphoyinti avuzayo we-VOC kumishini yokukhiqiza yezinkampani, futhi ithatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuyilungisa phakathi nenkathi ethile yesikhathi, ngaleyo ndlela ilawule ukuvuza kwempahla kuyo yonke inqubo.
Izindlela zokuqapha ukuvuza zihlanganisai-catalytic oxidation,i-ionization yomlilo (FID) , kanye nokumuncwa kwe-infrared.
Imvamisa yokuqapha ye-LDAR
I-LDAR kufanele ibikwe njalo ngonyaka noma phakathi nonyaka njengoba kudingwa ohulumeni abaningi emhlabeni wonke ukuze kunqandwe umthelela oyingozi wemvelo wokukhishwa kwe-VOC.
Yiziphi ezinye iziqondiso nezindinganiso ze-LDAR?
Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa imithetho ye-LDAR ukuze balwe nomthelela wezempilo kanye nemvelo wokuvuza koketshezi negesi. Izinhloso eziyinhloko zale mithethonqubo ama-VOC kanye nama-HAP akhishwa ezindaweni zokuhluza uphethiloli kanye nezindawo zokukhiqiza amakhemikhali.
Nakuba kungeyona isethi yemithethonqubo, idokhumenti ye-Method 21 inikeza izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokunquma ukuvuza kwe-VOC.
Idokhumenti 40 CFR 60, ngaphakathi Kwekhodi Yemithetho Yombuso, iyisethi yamazinga aphelele. Kubandakanya izingxenye ezingaphansi ezihlinzeka ngamazinga okuthobela ukuvuza kokusebenza kwezimboni zikawoyela negesi, nezimboni zokukhiqiza amakhemikhali, phakathi kokunye.
I-TCEQ ihlonza izindinganiso zokuthobela ukuze uthole izimvume, ikakhulukazi izinkampani zikawoyela negesi. Lezi zimvume, ezaziwa nangokuthi izimvume zomoya, zivimbela ukungcola futhi zinciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinqubo zezimboni.
1, Isampula ye-Isokinetic ye-Particulate Matter:
Faka ishubhu lesampula lothuli emseleni osuka embotsheni yesampula, beka imbobo yesampula endaweni yokulinganisa, ubhekane nendawo yokugeleza komoya, khipha inani elithile legesi yothuli ngokwezidingo zesampula ye-isokinetic, bese ubala ukugcwala kokukhipha kanye nokukhishwa okuphelele. yezinhlayiyana.
Ngokusekelwe kungcindezi emile etholwe izinzwa ezihlukahlukene, isistimu yokulinganisa ne-microprocessor yokulawula intuthu nentuthu yokuhlola, ukucindezela okuguquguqukayo, ibala izinga lokugeleza kanye nenani lokugeleza lentuthu ngokusekelwe kumapharamitha afana nezinga lokushisa nomswakama. Isistimu yokulinganisa nokulawula iqhathanisa izinga lokugeleza nezinga lokugeleza elitholwe inzwa yokugeleza, ibala isignali yokulawula ehambisanayo, futhi ilungise izinga lokugeleza kwepompo ngokusebenzisa isifunda sokulawula ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinga lokugeleza langempela lesampula lilingana nokugeleza kwesampula okusethiwe. isilinganiso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-microprocessor iguqula ngokuzenzakalelayo ivolumu yangempela yesampula ibe ivolumu yesampula evamile.
2, Izimiso zokulinganisa umswakama:
Isilinganiso senzwa elawulwa yiMicroprocessor. Qoqaisibani esimanzi, isibani esomile izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu, ukucindezela kwendawo ye-bulb emanzi, nokucindezela okumile kwe-flue exhaust. Kuhlanganiswe nokucindezela komkhathi okokufaka, thola ngokuzenzakalelayo ukucindezela komhwamuko ogcwele i-Pbv kumazinga okushisa asekelwe kuzinga lokushisa elimanzi lebulb, bese ubala ngokuya ngefomula.
3, Isimiso sokulinganisa umoya-mpilo:
Faka ishubhu lesampula emseleni, khipha igesi ephumayo equkethe ishubhu yesampula O, bese uyidlulisela ku-O.2Inzwa ye-electrochemical ukuthola u-O. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, guqula i-coefficient yomoya eyeqile ngokusekelwe ekugxiliseni okutholiwe okungu-O α.
4, Isimiso se-electrolysis engenzeka njalo indlela:
Beka iIsihloli segesi nothuliku-flue, ngemuva kokususwa kothuli kanye nokwelashwa kokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, futhi ukuphuma kwamanje kwenzwa ye-electrochemical ilingana ngokuqondile nokuhlushwa kwe-SO.2 . CHA. CHA2 . INI. INI2 . H2S.
Ngakho-ke, ukugxila ngokushesha kwegesi ye-flue kungabalwa ngokulinganisa okukhiphayo kwamanje kusuka kunzwa.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bala ukukhishwa kwe-SO2 . CHA. CHA2 . INI. INI2 . H2S ngokusekelwe ekukhiqizweni kwentuthu okutholiwe namanye amapharamitha.
Ngokuvamile, kuyadingeka ukukala umswakama kugesi we-flue kusuka emithonjeni yokungcola engashintshi!
Ngoba ukugcwala kwezinto ezingcolisayo kugesi othululwayo kubhekisela kokuqukethwe kwegesi eyomile ephuma ku-Standard state. Njengepharamitha yegesi ye-flue ebalulekile, umswakama kugesi we-flue uyipharamitha eyisibopho enqubweni yokuqapha, futhi ukunemba kwawo kuthinta ngokuqondile ukubalwa kokuphuma okuphelele noma ukugxila kokungcola.
Izindlela eziyinhloko zokulinganisa umswakama: Indlela ye-bulb emanzi eyomile, indlela ye-Resistance capacitance, indlela ye-Gravimetric, indlela ye-Condensation.
1,Indlela ye-bulb emanzi eyomile.
Le ndlela ifaneleka ukulinganisa umswakama esimweni sokushisa okuphansi!
Isimiso: Yenza igesi igeleze kumathemometha omile namanzi ngesivinini esithile. Bala umswakama we-exhaust ngokuya ngokufundwa kwethemometha yebulb eyomile nemanzi kanye nomfutho we-exhaust endaweni yokukala.
Ngokulinganisa nokuqoqa izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu lebulb elimanzi nelabhu elomile, nangokucindezela okungaphezulu kwebulb emanzi kanye ne-exhaust static pressure namanye amapharamitha, ukucindezela kwesitimu esigcwele kuleli zinga lokushisa kususelwa kuzinga lokushisa elingaphezulu lebulb emanzi, futhi kuhlanganiswe ne ukucindezela komkhathi okokufaka, okuqukethwe komswakama wegesi ye-flue kubalwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokusho kwefomula.
Kwi-equation:
I-Xsw----Iphesenti levolumu yokuqukethwe komswakamo ku-exhaust gas, %
Pbc----- Ukucindezela kwesitimu esigcwele lapho izinga lokushisa lingu-tb(Ngokwenani le-tb, ingatholakala esilinganisweni somfutho wamanzi womhwamuko lapho umoya ugcwele), Pa
tb---- Ithempelesha Ye-Bulb Emanzi,℃
tc----I-Dry Bulb Temperature，℃
Pb-----Umfutho wegesi odlula endaweni yethemometha yesibani esimanzi，Pa
Ba-----Atmospheric Pressure，Pa
Ps-----Exhaust static pressure endaweni yokulinganisa，Pa
2, Resistance capacitance indlela.
Isilinganiso somswakama senziwa kusetshenziswa izici zokumelana nenani le-capacitance yezingxenye ezizwelayo zomswakama ezishintsha ngokuya ngephethini ethile ngezinguquko kumswakama wendawo.
Indlela ye-RC inganqoba izimo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi njengezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nomswakama ku-flue (imvamisa≤180 ℃), ifinyelele esilinganisweni esizinzile nesithembekile somswakama ekukhishweni kwemithombo yokungcola engashintshi, futhi ibonise ngokuqondile imiphumela yokulinganisa. Le ndlela inezinzuzo ezinkulu, njengokulinganisa okubucayi futhi akukho ukuphazamiseka kwamanye amagesi.
3, indlela ye-Gravimetric:
Sebenzisa ithubhu yokumunca iPhosphorus pentoxide ukuze umunce umhwamuko wamanzi kusampula yegesi, sebenzisa ibhalansi enembayo ukuze ukale isisindo somhwamuko wamanzi, ngesikhathi esifanayo ulinganise umthamo wegesi omisiwe ngeshubhu lokumunca, futhi urekhode izinga lokushisa legumbi nokucindezela komkhathi isikhathi sokulinganisa, bese ubala isilinganiso sokuxuba esikhulu somhwamuko wamanzi kusampula yegesi ngokuya ngefomula.
Le ndlela ingafinyelela ukunemba okuphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke izindlela zokulinganisa umswakama. Nokho, indlela ye-Gravimetric iyinkimbinkimbi ekuhlolweni, idinga izimo zokuhlola eziphezulu, ithatha isikhathi eside sokuhlola, futhi ayikwazi ukuthola idatha yokuqapha esizeni. Ukusebenza kwedatha kumbi, futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukulinganisa okunembayo nokulinganiswa komnqamulajuqu womswakamo.
4, Indlela yokufingqa:
Khipha umthamo othile wegesi ephumayo ku-flue bese uyidlulisa ku-condenser. Bala okuqukethwe komswakamo kugesi ekhishwayo ngokususela enanini lamanzi ajiyile kanye nenani lomhwamuko oqukethwe kugesi ogcwele okhishwa ku-condenser.
Ngokufana nesimiso sendlela ye-gravimetric, indlela ye-condensation inokunemba okuphezulu, kodwa inqubo yokuhlola nayo iyinkimbinkimbi, idinga izimo eziphakeme, futhi ithatha isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke ayivame ukusetshenziswa.
